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Yōrō Code

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</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:20.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%;"><a href="History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Premodern Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-style:italic;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; font-style:normal;">Part of a series on the politics and government of Japan during the <a href="Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a> and <a href="Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a> periods</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:khaki;padding:0.2em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style>(Council of State)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a> / <a href="Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Daij%C5%8D-daijin" title="Daijō-daijin">Daijō-daijin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Minister of the Left</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Sadaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaijin">Sadaijin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Minister of the Right</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Udaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaijin">Udaijin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Minister of the Center</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Naidaijin" title="Naidaijin">Naidaijin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Major Counselor</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Dainagon" title="Dainagon">Dainagon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Middle Counselor</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Ch%C5%ABnagon" title="Chūnagon">Chūnagon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Minor Counselor</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Sh%C5%8Dnagon" title="Shōnagon">Shōnagon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:khaki;padding:0.2em;">Eight Ministries</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Center</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Ministry_of_the_Center" title="Ministry of the Center">Nakatsukasa-shō</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Ceremonial</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Shikibu-sh%C5%8D" title="Shikibu-shō">Shikibu-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Civil Administration</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Jibu-sh%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Jibu-shō">Jibu-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Popular Affairs</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Ministry_of_Popular_Affairs" title="Ministry of Popular Affairs">Minbu-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">War</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">Hyōbu-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Justice</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Ministry_of_Justice_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of Justice (pre-modern Japan)">Gyōbu-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Treasury</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Ōkura-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Imperial Household</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Kunai-shō</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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The Yōrō Code (養老律令, Yōrō-ritsuryō) was one iteration of several codes or governing rules compiled in the early <a href="Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> in <a href="Classical_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japan">Classical Japan</a>. It was compiled in 718, the second year of the <a href="Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" title="Yōrō">Yōrō</a> <a href="Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">regnal era</a> by <a href="Fujiwara_no_Fuhito" title="Fujiwara no Fuhito">Fujiwara no Fuhito</a> et al., but not promulgated until 757 under the regime of <a href="Fujiwara_no_Nakamaro" title="Fujiwara no Nakamaro">Fujiwara no Nakamaro</a> under <a href="Empress_K%C5%8Dken" title="Empress Kōken">Empress Kōken</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kodansha-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-kadokawa-nihonshijiten-2">[2]</a>

The penal code portions (ritsu) were largely lost, although they have been reconstructed. The content of the civil code portions (ryō) is preserved nearly fully, copied out in later texts.<a href="#cite_note-kodansha-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-kadokawa-nihonshijiten-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

The Yōrō Code was a revision of the <a href="Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a> of 701,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and differences may have been limited.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Still, when Nakamaro put the laws into effect in 757, it was unpopular among the nobility as it "slowed down the promotion schedule for officials."<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_preservation">State of preservation</h3></div>

While the precursor code (Taihō Code) does not survive, a substantial amount of Yōrō Code is preserved in the <a href="Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetical</a> piece, Ryō no gige (『<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E7%BE%A9%E8%A7%A3" class="extiw external" title="ja:令義解">令義解</a>』) (833), especially the civil codes. In English-language scholarly literature, some commentators merely state that the code is preserved in a fragmentary state,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> but other academics do note preservation is nearly complete for the civil code portion.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The Ryō no gige contains the full text of the ryō (or civil/administrative code part) except for two chapters according to a <a href="Kadokawa_Shoten" title="Kadokawa Shoten">Kadokawa</a> publishing house history dictionary,<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> the missing portions being the warehouse statute (倉庫令, sōko-ryō) and the medical service statute (医疾令, ishitsu-ryō), and even this lacuna can be partly be filled from a collections of fragments of the codes.<a href="#cite_note-kadokawa-nihonshijiten-2">[2]</a>

The ritsu or the penal code portion was largely lost, but a compilation of fragments from various codes, entitled the Ritsuitsu (『律逸』), in 8 volumes, was compiled by Ishihara Masaaki (石原正明) 1760–1821. The resulting text, including the fragments, is printed in the volume on <a href="Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">Ritsuryō</a> texts in the Kokushi taikei (『<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E7%B3%BB" class="extiw external" title="ja:国史大系">国史大系</a>』) historical text series.<a href="#cite_note-kadokawa-nihonshijiten-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Other sources agree, adding that for the civil code, almost all of the text that runs to Article 955 has been restored.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a>

Relying on the Tang dynasty penal code that survives, a complete reconstruction of the Yōrō penal code has also been undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-steenstrup-12">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tang_dynasty_model">Tang dynasty model</h3></div>

The <a href="Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">ritsuryō</a> codes were modeled after the civil and penal codes of the Tang dynasty, in particular, the code of the <a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="Yonghui" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonghui">Yonghui</a> era passed in 651 which was then current is named by scholars as the basis of the two ritsuryō codes.<a href="#cite_note-kodansha-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Period_in_force">Period in force</h3></div>

The Code remained in effect until the early 10th century,<a href="#cite_note-kodansha-1">[1]</a> after which it became an obsolete <a href="Legislation#Dead_letter" title="Legislation">dead letter</a> law code, but not formally repealed and hence valid at least "in paper" until the <a href="Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kadokawa-nihonshijiten-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-steenstrup-12">[11]</a> During the feudal age in Japan, various ministerial offices were awarded to as formality to <a href="Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> (e.g., <a href="Ishida_Mitsunari" title="Ishida Mitsunari">Ishida Mitsunari</a> as jibu-no-shō; <a href="Furuta_Oribe" title="Furuta Oribe">Furuta Oribe</a>, <a href="Ii_clan" title="Ii clan">Ii kamon-no-kami</a>, <a href="Sakai_clan" title="Sakai clan">Sakai uta-no-kami</a> etc.) without any responsibilities or authorities vested in the office under the code.

<ul><li><a href="Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">Ritsuryō</a></li>

<li><a href="Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> out of 30 chapters, 10 fascicules

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvEpAQAAMAAJ">"Ritsuryō system"</a> (snippet), Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan, vol. 6, Kōdansha, 1983, p. 331, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780870116261</bdi></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kadokawa-nihonshijiten-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kadokawa-nihonshijiten_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadokawa-nihonshijiten_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadokawa-nihonshijiten_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadokawa-nihonshijiten_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadokawa-nihonshijiten_2-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREF高柳竹内1974" class="citation cs2">高柳, 光寿; 竹内, 理三, eds. (1974) [1966], 角川日本史辞典 (2 ed.), 角川書店, p. 976, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>4040305027</bdi></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSansom1932">Sansom 1932</a>, p. 69

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "The major difference between the Taihō and Yōrō administrative codes seems to be limited to an introduction in the latter of a more precise terminology for about two hundred terms." (online summary) to <a href="#CITEREFOoms2013">Ooms 2013</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPiggott1987" class="citation cs2">Piggott, Joan R. (1987), "Chapter II: Politics in the Age of Shōmu", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2e1EAQAAIAAJ">Tōdaiji and the Nara imperium</a> (snippet), Stanford University, pp. 65–66</cite>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation cs2">Smith, Robert J. (2004) [1963], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZFkfPrNErEC&pg=PA27">"Stability in Japanese kinship terminology: the historical evidence"</a>, Japanese Culture: Its Development and Characteristics, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, vol. 34, Routledge, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780415330398</bdi></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Vol. 22 of the new expanded edition of Kokushi taikei (<a href="#CITEREFKuroita1966">Kuroita 1966</a>)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREF朝尾1976" class="citation cs2">朝尾, 直弘 (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXZCAAAAYAAJ">岩波講座日本歴史</a> (snippet), vol. 3, Naoki Kōjirō, 岩波書店, p. 3</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREF青木1992" class="citation book cs1">青木, 和夫 (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OvozAAAAMAAJ">日本律令国家論攷</a> (snippet). p. 245. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>400001692X</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-steenstrup-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steenstrup_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-steenstrup_12-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSteenstrup1996" class="citation cs2">Steenstrup, Carl (January 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLmX1vUXVQIC&pg=PA35">A History of Law in Japan Until 1868</a>, p. 35, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9004104534</bdi></cite>, crediting Niida Noboru and Shiga Shūzō for the reconstruction from the T'ang.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFarris1998" class="citation journal cs1">Farris, William Wayne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwVDAAAAYAAJ">"Trade, Money, and Merchants in Nara Japan"</a> (snippet). Monumenta Nipponica. Sophia University: 319.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Texts and translations</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREF黒板勝美1966" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">黒板勝美, ed. (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2975957"><bdi lang="ja">国史大系</bdi></a> (NDLJP) (in Japanese), vol. 第22巻 (律, 令義解), 国史大系編修会 (新訂増補 ed.), 吉川弘文館</cite>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKuroita1966" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kuroita, Kasumi, ed. (1966), '(Shintei zōho) Kokushi taikei, vol. 22 ("Ritsu, Ryō no Gige") (new expanded ed.), Yoshikawa Kōbunkan</cite></li></ul></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDettmer2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dettmer, ed. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKM1RKJtqkYC">Der Yōrō-Kodex, die Gebote: Einleitung und Übersetzung des Ryō-no-gige</a> (format) (in German), vol. 1, Hans Adalbert, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3447059404</bdi></cite>

<ul><li>(2010) Volume 2, Der Yōrō-Kodex,.. Bücher 2-10</li>

<li>(2012) Volume 3, Der Yōrō-Kodex, die Verbote. Übersetzung des Yōrō-ritsu.</li></ul></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSansom1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="George_Bailey_Sansom" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bailey Sansom">Sansom, George Bailey</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-k4gAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67">"Early Japanese Law and Administration"</a>. Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. Second Series. 9: 67–110.</cite> (Excerpted translation, summaries, notes)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>Studies</dt></dl>

<ul><li>(Book review) <cite id="CITEREFOoms2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ooms, Herman (2013). "Translating the Corpus of Ancient Japanese Law". Monumenta Nipponica. 68 (1): 69–77. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmni.2013.0021">10.1353/mni.2013.0021</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159501283">159501283</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Additional reading</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCrump1952" class="citation journal cs1">Crump, J. I. (1952). "Borrowed T'ang TItles and Offices in the Yoro Code". Occasional Papers of the Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan. 2: 35–58.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFInoue1977" class="citation journal cs1">Inoue, Mitsusada (1977). "The Ritsuryo System in Japan". Acta Asiatica. 31: 83–112.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMiller1979" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Richard J. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5cMAQAAMAAJ">"Japan's first bureaucracy : a study of eighth-century government"</a> (snippet). China-Japan Program. 19: 124–128.</cite>

<ul><li>e-text at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceas.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ceas;idno=ceas012">Cornell digital collection</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li>Yoro Civil Code (養老令) (.Lzh compressed file) by Yoshiki Koizuka (恋塚嘉) and Katsuya Miyoshi (三好克也), available at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/~yoshimu/database.html">Open Database</a> page, admin Takehiko Yoshimura (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9D%91%E6%AD%A6%E5%BD%A6" class="extiw external" title="ja:吉村武彦">吉村武彦</a>), Meiji University Research Institute for Japanese Ancient Studies site.</li></ul>

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